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Mushroom notes
I went to a mushroom talk ("Knowing the Gilled Mushrooms" by Noah Siegel) some time ago (last year? year before?) And my notes are always hard to find, so I'm putting them here:
The Audubon guide is the best guide for beginners but Noah estimates that 20% of the scientific names used in it have changed since its publication.
Aluminum foil is good to use for spore prints because you can see white spores on it better than on white paper. Spore prints generally take 4 hours to overnight to develop.
Spore color and gill attachment are the two important field markings to start identifications with.
Amanitas have free gills (a few others, too).
There are +/- 300 undescribed species of Amanitas.
The pink spored Pluteus volvariella is the paddy straw mushroom, which is sometimes confused with the death cap (which has white spores).
Most gilled mushrooms have attached gills.
Attached gills + pink spores=Entolomas mostly.
Attached gills + white spores Russulacea (Russulas and Lactarius).
There are +/- 70 species of red-capped Russula in Massachusetts.
There are =/- 14 species of green, crackled cap Russulas lumped in as R.crustosa or R.Virescens.
Lactarius volemus/corrugis/hygrophoroides all edible milkies.
Volemus stains everything brown, has crowded gills.
Hygrophoroides has wide-spaced gills.
Yellow-latex milky is poisonous.
Also white spores: Waxy caps: Hygrocybe = Saprophytic. Hygrophorus = Mycorrhyzzal.
Hygrocybe miniata very common. Hygrophorus appears after first frost, is very slimy.
Tricholomataceae - small fragile mushrooms
Mycena mostly little gray mushrooms some colorful, cone or bell cap, translucent striations, thin fragile cap.
Marasmius - "pinwheels" - horsehair stipes.
Collybia - tiny mushroom grows on decaying mushrooms.
Cantharella umbonata - only grows in 1 kind of moss.
Shelves, including the oyster complex:
Panellus stipticus, the luminescent panellus.
Panellus serotinus, the late fall oyster, grows in winter "worst I've ever eaten."
Armillaria grows in groups on stumps, 9 different species, ringed stalk, smooth to scaly cap, white spores.
Jack-o-lantern - close to honey mushroom but orange.
Clitocybe clavipes - same alcohol effect as the alcohol inky.
Tricholoma - crowded gills, raggedy looking, thick stipe, often on open ground. Includes Matsutake, which is common on Cape Cod.
http://www.indexfungorum.org/
50% of the fleshy fungi in our area (Eastern Mass, Southern NH) are undescribed.
Gills have evolved at least four different times.
The furthest evolved fungi interact with animals.
Brown spored mushrooms:
on ground:
Cortinarius: orangey brown spores, spiderwebby cortina for a universal veil, gills turn orange to brown with age. C. iodes: viscid violet cort
May have cumulative toxins.
Inocybe: mostly LBMS, very fibrous looking.
on wood:
Pholiota: clusters on wood
Galerina: mistaken for psychedelic mushrooms, will grow on same logs as honey mushrooms.
on ground/compost/woodchips/moss:
Conocybe, Bolbitis - LBMs
There are no dung-loving hallucinogenic mushrooms in the Northeast.
Purplish spores:
Strophara
Hypholoma - Brick caps - clumps on dead wood.
Black spores:
Coprinus (being broken into many Genera).
The Audubon guide is the best guide for beginners but Noah estimates that 20% of the scientific names used in it have changed since its publication.
Aluminum foil is good to use for spore prints because you can see white spores on it better than on white paper. Spore prints generally take 4 hours to overnight to develop.
Spore color and gill attachment are the two important field markings to start identifications with.
Amanitas have free gills (a few others, too).
There are +/- 300 undescribed species of Amanitas.
The pink spored Pluteus volvariella is the paddy straw mushroom, which is sometimes confused with the death cap (which has white spores).
Most gilled mushrooms have attached gills.
Attached gills + pink spores=Entolomas mostly.
Attached gills + white spores Russulacea (Russulas and Lactarius).
There are +/- 70 species of red-capped Russula in Massachusetts.
There are =/- 14 species of green, crackled cap Russulas lumped in as R.crustosa or R.Virescens.
Lactarius volemus/corrugis/hygrophoroides all edible milkies.
Volemus stains everything brown, has crowded gills.
Hygrophoroides has wide-spaced gills.
Yellow-latex milky is poisonous.
Also white spores: Waxy caps: Hygrocybe = Saprophytic. Hygrophorus = Mycorrhyzzal.
Hygrocybe miniata very common. Hygrophorus appears after first frost, is very slimy.
Tricholomataceae - small fragile mushrooms
Mycena mostly little gray mushrooms some colorful, cone or bell cap, translucent striations, thin fragile cap.
Marasmius - "pinwheels" - horsehair stipes.
Collybia - tiny mushroom grows on decaying mushrooms.
Cantharella umbonata - only grows in 1 kind of moss.
Shelves, including the oyster complex:
Panellus stipticus, the luminescent panellus.
Panellus serotinus, the late fall oyster, grows in winter "worst I've ever eaten."
Armillaria grows in groups on stumps, 9 different species, ringed stalk, smooth to scaly cap, white spores.
Jack-o-lantern - close to honey mushroom but orange.
Clitocybe clavipes - same alcohol effect as the alcohol inky.
Tricholoma - crowded gills, raggedy looking, thick stipe, often on open ground. Includes Matsutake, which is common on Cape Cod.
http://www.indexfungorum.org/
50% of the fleshy fungi in our area (Eastern Mass, Southern NH) are undescribed.
Gills have evolved at least four different times.
The furthest evolved fungi interact with animals.
Brown spored mushrooms:
on ground:
Cortinarius: orangey brown spores, spiderwebby cortina for a universal veil, gills turn orange to brown with age. C. iodes: viscid violet cort
May have cumulative toxins.
Inocybe: mostly LBMS, very fibrous looking.
on wood:
Pholiota: clusters on wood
Galerina: mistaken for psychedelic mushrooms, will grow on same logs as honey mushrooms.
on ground/compost/woodchips/moss:
Conocybe, Bolbitis - LBMs
There are no dung-loving hallucinogenic mushrooms in the Northeast.
Purplish spores:
Strophara
Hypholoma - Brick caps - clumps on dead wood.
Black spores:
Coprinus (being broken into many Genera).