365 Urban Species. #112: Domestic Dog

Street dog, St. johns, Antigua. Photo by cottonmanifesto.
Urban Species #112: Domestic Dog Canis familiaris

No other domestic mammal has had as long and intimate an association with humans as the dog. Molecular evidence indicates that domestic dogs have been distinct from their Asian gray wolf ancestors for at least 15,000 years. (This is nearly 3 times as long a time than any other animal has been domesticated.) Aborigines as far north as the Arctic and as far south as Australia and the South Pacific brought dogs with them as they spread from Asia.

How a dangerous and wary wild predator was genetically transformed into a coworker and companion of humans is a matter for discussion and controversy. The best explanation we have comes from biologist Ray Coppinger, in his highly recommendable book, DOGS: A Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior, and Evolution. Simplified for brevity, the story is this: When humans began to settle into permanent camps and villages, they produced permanent garbage and waste areas. Wild animals made use of the waste areas as a food source. Those wolves that would be the least likely to run from humans (those least likely to have a flight response) began to lurk near villages, and over time, became dogs. The genetic change that needs to occur to change "wild" responses to "tame" responses comes with a whole suite of other attributes: patchy fur color, a tendency for ears to droop, and so on. In short, dogs evolved from wolves to associate with humans--humans didn't capture and domesticate wolves. This makes dogs one of the first truly urban animals.

Today things are much more complex. There are still wild village dogs (such as those on the African island of Pemba, where Coppinger did his research), but much more often dogs that are seen in cities are former pets. Attitudes about dogs vary wildly, from country to country, among different social classes, and even among individuals of the same culture and class. Dogs have long been used to guard livestock (ironically, against wolves), assist in hunting, for entertainment (racing or fighting other animals), and for pest control. In the Victorian era, it became the vogue among the rich (and subsequently, among the middle class, always eager to emulate their betters) to keep dogs as pampered child substitutes.

Now the most common purpose of domestic dogs, at least among urban people, is companionship. Alas, in many places, dogs are thought to be disposable companions, and veterinary care is considered to be an extravagance. Inconvenient pets are turned out into the streets, and street dogs breed with indiscriminate fervor. Some people consider leashing a dog to be cruel or degrading, allowing pets to wander and mix with strays and feral animals. In some places, street dogs are a public health risk, forming aggressive packs and acting as vectors for rabies. My own experience with urban street dogs has involved sad sickly loners, surviving on handouts and scavenging.

These dogs exist in a way similar to pigeons. They're always on the lookout for food, and they are attuned to the behavioral clues of human kindness. Dogs have the advantage over pigeons of being social mammals with a rich array of gestures (puppy-dog eyes, anyone?) and behaviors that they use to interact with humans. Adorable dogs are fed, mean dogs are taken out and shot. Arguably the greatest contributor to the success of dogs is their ability to socially interact and communicate with humans.

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365 Urban Species. #121: Flowering Dogwood

Urban species #121: Flowering dogwood Cornus florida

The spring parade of flowering trees marches on! Flowering in Boston shortly after saucer magnolia, but more or less concurrently with cherries and flowering crabapples, is the cheery little flowering dogwood. Unlike the vast majority of urban plantings in eastern North America, this tree is native to our area. Unfortunately, it requires fairly moist, rich, unpolluted soil, a rare commodity in the urban ecosystem. Left to their own devices, they would disappear, but since they are such attractive additions to the landscape, they are popularly used.

Besides their beautiful flowers, flowering dogwoods also provide edible fruits which are prized by urban birds. Mockingbirds and cedar waxwings will eat them, if the starlings haven't already eaten them all.

The popularity of this tree in the United States is reflected by the fact of it being the state flower of Virginia and North Carolina, as well as the state tree of Virginia and Missouri.

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