
Photo by
cottonmanifesto. Location: Ward's Pond, Boston.
Urban species #232: Sunflower
Helianthus annuusSunflower seeds are relatively large, fatty, and tasty. They are the staple filling for most birdfeeders. With a feeder full of sunflower seeds in Boston, you can attract
chickadees,
nuthatches,
downy woodpeckers,
blue jays,
house sparrows and
squirrels, just for starters. The presence of feeders full of sunflower seeds lured formerly more southern species like the
cardinal and
titmouse to live in New England year-round. These animals spill the sunflower seeds on the ground, where they are eaten by
pigeons,
mourning doves,
juncos, chipmunks, and if you live in the right neighborhood,
wild turkeys and even white-tailed deer. In other cities there will be some other assemblage of urban species drawn to this food source. Some of these species, notably the jays and woodpeckers, carry the seed away, and cache it to be eaten later. Uneaten seed may germinate and result in "volunteer" (to use a nice bit of gardener jargon) sunflowers.
The plant itself is familiar to all: a single rough stalk topped with a large cheery disc surrounded by rays, facing the sun, and appearing to have been crafted in its image. It is native to western North America, where the indigenous people cultivated them, favoring the plants with the biggest seeds. It was brought to Europe, where further cultivation took place, and new varieties were reintroduced to North America. Industrial cultivation for flowers, seeds, and seed oil has helped make it well known to nearly everyone on earth. There are many different species, but the most familiar, and most often cultivated species is the common sunflower,
Helianthus annuus.
Wild sunflowers can grow to nearly ten feet tall, hoisting their payload of seeds up to where only the most agile diners, often
goldfinches, can reach. Squirrels will cheat, and chew the whole plant to the ground. The plant must reproduce by seed, and is an annual, dying away completely in winter. Then the birdfeeders are filled and put out, and the urban life cycle starts again.

A sunflower seed cached in a stone wall (in the Riverway, in the wall of the stairway leading to Longwood Ave.) sprouted in June of this year. The plant did not survive to flower. Photo by
urbpan.