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Tar spot fungus Rhytisma acerinum grows on a Norway maple Acer platanoides leaf.

Forgive me for not presenting a picture of Norway maple in full. Any wide angle photo of my yard is likely to feature them, and you can click the Norway maple link to see dozens of photos of this common naturalized alien. Norway maple is an attractive shade tree well suited to the city and suburbs. It is also a pernicious invasive species, threatening to invade our forests and transform them into barren monocultures. I have cut down all the Norways small enough to yield to hand tools, but several large specimens still dominate the property. The small ones cut down in spring have sprouted fully viable shoots of leaves, and if I didn't continually strip them they would come right back to be giant trees.

Another risk presented by Norway maples is its susceptibility to tar spot, a parasitic fungus that affects only maple trees. It causes no great harm, but can ruin the appearance of foliage (a major part of the New England tourist industry) and potentially weaken vulnerable trees. Norways are so common and so frequently infected, that they must be spreading this fungus to native trees; no alarm has been called, to my knowledge, but we shall see what the next few years brings us.

Predators?

Jul. 17th, 2012 10:34 am
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Here are two photos that don't fit into any of my specific projects.


A funnel-weaving grass spider ignores a caterpillar that has fallen into the web. Not vibrating enough? Too big to handle (unlikely, I've seen them grab big grasshoppers)? Some kind of caterpillar defensive chemical? I did not supply the prey this time, the scene is how I found it.


This is the fruiting body of a fungus called Claviceps, growing on a wild grass fruit. I have not encountered this before, so it's pretty exciting. The most famous member of the Genus is C. purpurea which feeds on rye and other cultivated grasses, and causes the disease Ergotism. Among other unpleasant symptoms such as gangrene, ergotism sufferers may experience mania, psychosis, and hallucinations. Some writers have blamed various historical outbreaks of mass hysteria on the fungal disease.
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Goldfish in an artificial pond at Stone Zoo.

And while at Stone Zoo, I paid a visit to the Panamanian Golden Frogs, who were exhibiting some breeding behavior. I couldn't decide which of these photos was better so I used them both.



When I took care of these frogs in quarantine, I called them "the last frogs on earth." It's not totally accurate; for one thing, they are more toads than frogs. But frog researchers like my boss have taken all the Panamanian Golden Frogs they were able to capture into captivity, to protect them from the Chytrid fungus disease. My zoo has a few more than a dozen. There are only a few hundred left known to exist. I think Houston Zoo has most of the ones in North America. The frogs above are in "amplexus," one of my favorite words.
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I'll be doing this once I have space to do it, but I'm writing it down so I'll remember, and so you all can try it too: Grow mushrooms on junk mail.

Oyster mushrooms are usually cultivated on sawdust or cereal grain, but apparently do well on office paper. The scientific study in that link determined that under the right conditions you can get a greater than 100% production of edible mushrooms from paper. Meaning (I think) from 10 kilos of paper you could grow, say, 14 pounds of oyster mushrooms. The secret ingredient is water. I'm not sure why more isn't being done to encourage growing food on waste products (though some marketing savvy would be needed to make that sound less gross to a public that wrinkles its nose at brown mushrooms and apples with spots).

I'm going to use junk mail because I hate it so much and there is so much of it in my life, and it would be nice to see it rotting and something good coming out of it. Giggling Wizard should try it on his farm, using soiled cardboard crates or old newspaper or something. Sustainably grown gourmet food!

I suspect the difficulty might be in growing the right kind of fungus--if the oyster spawn didn't take, you might end up with a big barrel (or bag) of dark gray slimy gunk. But that's a risk I'm willing to take, once I have room to keep the barrel away from the house.

Mushroom cultivation link!
Buy spawn here!
Or buy spawn here!

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